Aaron (15th-13th century BC) - Aaron - Аарон (Elder brother of Moses, first high priest of the Israelites)

Abbas (566-652) - Abbas - Аббас (Uncle of Muhammad, the chief promoter of his religion)

Abbey - abtkond - аббатство (a building or group of buildings used by a religious order for worship and living)

Abduh, Muhammad (1849-1905) - Muhammad Abduh - Мухаммед Абдо (Muslim reformer, attempted to reinterpret Islam in the light of the modern world)

Abdul-Baha (1844-1921) - Abdul-Baha -  Абдул-Баха (He became a leader of the Bahá'í Faith in 1892, and projected it as a world religion)

Abhidharma - Abhidharma - Абхидхарма (the third part of the Buddhist scriptures tipitaka or the Pali Canon, places a special emphasis on consciousness, aimed at liberating human beings from craving and suffering by giving them insight into the impermanence (anicca) of things and the unreality of the self (anatman))

Ablutions - religioosne pesemine - омовение (water is a source of life and, it cleans people physically and symbolically. In Christianity water is used in the ritual of baptism, as a form of initiation into the Church, holy water may also be sprinkled onto members of the congregation during Liturgy (Orthodox Churches), it;s also available in fonts, so that the faithful can anoint themselves as they enter the church (Roman Catholic Churches); in Orthodox Judaism the ablutions take two basic forms: washing the hands (always before and after a meal, after sleeping, defecating and urinating) and full body immersion in "living water" - water from a river or other source; Islamic ablutions is a meaningful ritual removing impurities of body and soul. There are three kinds: the greater ablution (ghusl) involves washing the whole body (after sexual acts, childbirth or menstruation), the lesser ablution (wudu) involves a brief washing of the feet, hands and face (after defecation, sleeping, touching one's genitals), a third ablution (tayammum) involves a water substitute such as earth or sand)

Abraham (c.2000-1650 BC) - Aabraham - Аврам (the father of the Hebrew people and the father of the three great monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam (as a messenger (rasul) of outstanding importance))

Absolution - absolutsioon - абсолюция (In Christianity a declaration of forgiveness of sins)

Abu Bakr (c.570-634 AD) - Abu Bakr - Абу Бакр (the first Muslim caliph, became chief adviser to Muhammad, and on the death of the Prophet was elected leader of the Muslim community, "successor of the messenger of God" (632))

Abu Hanifah (d.767 AD) - Abu Hanifa - Абу Ханифа (Muslim theologian and jurist, founder of the Hanafi Law School - now the dominant Islamic law school in Central Asia, Egypt, India and Turkey)

Acts of the Apostles - Apostlite teod - Деяния Апостолов (A New Testament book, it concentrates largely upon the growth of the Jerusalem Church, and the missionary journeys of Paul to Asia Minor, the Aegean lands and Rome)

Adalbert, St (956-997 AD) - püha Adalbert - св. Адальберт (Apostle of the Prussians, he carried the Gospel to the Hungarians, the Poles and the Prussians, by whom he was murdered, near Gdansk, he was canonized in 999)

Adam and Eve - Aadam ja Eeva - Адам и Ева (the first man and woman created by God, Adam was formed from the dust of the ground and God's breath or spirit (Genesis 2.7), Eve was made from Adam's rib)
  
Adam's Peak - Aadama mäetipp - пик Адама (Muslims believe that a footprint in the rock at the top of the mountain in Sri Lanka is the spot where Adam landed after being expelled from Eden)

Adoptionism (4th-century) - adoptsionism (ladina adoptio - "lapsendama") - aдопционизм (лат. adoptio — «усыновлять») (heretical teaching of Jesus as a human being of sinless life adopted by God as son)

Adrian IV (originally Nicholas Breakspear) (c.1100-1159) - Hadrianus IV - Адриан IV (Pope, the first and only Englishman to hold this title, elected in 1154, he granted Ireland to Henry II)

Advaita Vedanta - Advaita Vedanta - Адва́йта-веда́нта (санскр. अद्वैत वेदान्त) (one of the most influential of the orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy - non-dual (advaita) in its essence, claims that the non-dual absolute has to be known directly through experience)

Advent - Advent (ladina adventus - "tulemine") - Адве́нт (от лат. adventus — "приход") (in the Christian Church, the four weeks before Christmas)

Adventists - adventistid - адвентисты (the Christian sect who believe in the imminent and literal Second Coming of Christ, began in the USA with William Miller (1781-1849), who predicted (wrongly) Christ's return in 1843-4)

Afikoman (Aramaic "dessert") - afikoman (אפיקומ) -  афикоман (largest piece of the three pieces of matzah used at the Passover seder, eaten at the end of the seder meal, symbolizes the Passover lamb)

Agama - Agama - Агама (a collection of the discourses of the Buddha, there are four of these Agamas, it includes allegories, illustrations, parables, popular stories and similes, each major school of Buddhism has its own Agamas)

Aggadah (Haggadah) (from a Hebrew verb "to tell" - "narration") - Agada - Аггада (арамейский אַגָּדָה, «повествование»)  ( it covers subjects as God's nature, divine mercy, and the character of the Messiah, Aggadah is creative and speculative and contrasts with the Halakhah, which remains definitive and obligatory)

Aggiornamento - uuendamine, täiendamine (itaalia) - обновление, усовершенствование (итал.) (the process of making the life, doctrine and worship of the Roman Catholic Church effective in the modern world, this was initiated by Pope John XXIII at the Second Vatican Council)

Agni - Agni - Агни (god of fire in Hinduism, he is the link between heaven and earth, between the gods and humans, he is identified as the fire of digestion and the fire of passion)

Agunah (Hebrew "anchored") - aguna (agun) ( עגונה - "seotud") - агуна (עֲגוּנָה, буквально `связанная`) (a woman who cannot remarry because her husband refuses to give her a get (writ of divorce), or he is missing or incompetent, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 24.1-4)

Ahimsa - ahimsa - ахимса (the rule of non-violence applied by Mahatma Gandhi during India's struggle for independence)

Ahmadiyya (Ahmadis) - Ahmadi liikumine - Ахмадие (an Islamic religious movement founded in 1889 in India by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c. 1839-1908), who was believed to be the Messiah Mahdi prophesied in the Quran. In 1974 its followers were officially banned from the orthodox Islam community)

Ahura - ahura - ахура (in Zoroastrianism the beneficent divine beings)

Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord") - Ahura Mazda - Ахура Мазда (the name for God used by Zoroaster and his followers)

Aidan, St - püha Aidan - св. Айдан (the "Apostle of Northumbria" (d.651), monk from the Celtic monastery on the island of Iona in Scotland)

Aïshah (c.613-78) - Aiša (araabia عائشة بنت أَبي بكر) - Аиша (араб.  عائشة بنت أَبي بكر) (the daughter of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, she became the third and favourite of the Prophet's wives, when Ali became the 4th caliph (656) she led a revolt against him, but was defeated and then exiled to Medina)

Ajanta - Ajanta - Аджанта (деванагари अजिंठा लेणी) (an ancient Buddhist site in Maharashtra in India, which contains 30 monastic dwelling caves cut out of the rocks, rediscovered in 1819 after a thousand years of neglect)

Ajivika - Adžiivika - Аджи́вика (a school of world-renouncers at the time of the Buddha (5th century BC)

Akali Dal ("the army of the Akalis") - Akali Dal - Акали Дал (an Akali is a Sikh devoted to God, the Akali Dal is a political party centred in the Punjab, supporting Sikh interests at state and national levels)

Akal Purukh - Akal Purukh (akal - "surematu", Purkh - "looja") - Акал Пуркх (букв. акал - неумирающий, Пуркх - творец, созидатель) (a Sikh term for God meaning the "Timeless One", God is changeless, is never born and never dies, is beyond time and space, is transcendent and immanent, and is present everywhere, as the creator he is both personal and compassionate, and "he" is father and mother, in other words he is not bound by sexual metaphors)

Akathist - akafist - акафист (a service of similar size and use as the Supplicatory Canon, it's read halfway through the service of Small Compline)

Akbar the Great (1542-1605) - Akbar (araabia جلال الدین محمد اکبر ) - Акбар Великий (Mughal emperor of India, he was unusually tolerant towards non-Muslims and greatly encouraged literature and the arts)

Akhand path (akhand - "uninterrupted, without break"; path - "reading") - Akhand path (akhand - "lakkamatult, katkestamatult"; path - "lugemine") - Акханд Патх (akhand - "непрерывно, без перерыва", path - "чтение") (a continuous uninterrupted reading of the entire Holy Sikh Scriptures, the Guru Granth Sahib which takes 48 hours to complete)

Akhira - akhira - ахирет (the Islamic afterlife upon the Final Judgement)

Akhlaq - one of the Islamic terms for ethics

Akiva ben Joseph, Rabbi (c. 50-135) - rabi Akiva Joosep - Рабби Аки́ва (ивр. עֲקִיבָא‎, Акива бен-Йосеф; около 50-135) (leading scholar and famous teacher, who apparently supported the revolt against Rome under Bar Kokhbah in 132, he was martyred by the Romans)

Akong Tulku Rinpoche (1940-) - Akong Tulku Rinpoche -  Аконг Тулку Ринпоче (Tibetan Buddhist doctor and lama, in 1967 in Eskdalemuir, Scotland he established first Tibetan monastery in the West with speciality in the Kagyu tradition)

Akydia (from the Greek verb kidevo - "to tend") - denotes a spiritual state of listlessness

Aladura - (The Yoruba word “Aladura” means “Prayer Fellowship”, it is an African Initiated Church founded by Josiah Olunowo Ositelu in 1925, and inaugurated in 1930 in Ogere Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. They always wear a white garments inspired by a verse in the Bible (Revelation 19:8))

Alawite - alaviidid - алави́ты (алауи́ты, араб. العلويون‎‎ - al-'Alawiyūn) (a Shiite sect (over 2 mln worldwide, approximately 1.6 mln in Syria), was founded by Muhammad ibn Nusayr in the 9th century, it's a moderate sect of Shiism, believing Ali to be the seventh incarnation of God on earth, Alawis also accept and celebrate Christian festivals such as Christmas and Epiphany)

Alaya-vijnana - alayavijnana - алая-виджняна (one of the eight or nine kinds of consciousness in Buddhist thought (Mahayana Buddhism), it's the basic consciousness in each person within the ongoing cycle of births and deaths, yet it is not equivalent to a "self")

Al-Banna, Hasan (1906-49) - Hasan al-Banna -  Хасан аль-Банна (араб. حسن البنا‎‎) (Islamic fundamentalist, the founder in Egypt in 1928 of the Society of Muslim Brothers (Muslim Brotherhood))

Albertus Magnus, St  - Albertus Magnus (püha Albert Suur) - Альбе́рт Вели́кий или Св. Альберт (German philisopher, bishop, and Doctor of the Church, his most famous pupil was Thomas Aquinas, he was canonized in 1932)

Albigensians - albilased - альбигойцы (лат. Albigenses) (followers of a form of Christianity in the 11 th and 12 th centuries in Albi, in France, they believed life on earth to be struggle between good (spirit) and evil (matter), the were devastated in the early 13 th century crusade against them)

Alchemy, Chinese - hiina alkeemia - внешняя алхимия ( кит. упр. 外丹术, пиньинь: waidanshu, палл.: вай дань шу) (the search for immortality was a significant element in religious Taoism in China between the 5th and 9th centuries, and various works on it were included in the Taoist canon)

Alcuin Bible - Alcuini Piibel - Библия Алкуина (a standardized version of the Vulgate translation of the Bible, ordered  in 800 AD by Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Emperor)

Ali (d.661) - ‘Alī ibn Abī Ţālib (علي بن أبي طالب) - Али ибн Абу Талиб ибн Абд-аль-Муталлиб ибн Хашим ибн Абд-аль-Манаф (араб. علي بن أبي طالب‎‎ ) (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and fourth caliph, he married the Prophet's daughter Fatimah, he encountered considerable opposition of governor of Syria, marking the beginning of a major division within Islam which has persisted to the present day)

Allah (Arabic: الله‎) - Allah (araabia الله) - Алла́х (араб. الله‎‎) (Arabic for "the God", in the Quran God is portrayed as the sole, unique God as in the basic Muslim statement of faith "There is no god but God and Muhammad is his prophet", he (God) has 99 names known as the "Most Beautiful Names")

Al-Muhajiroun (Arabic "emigrants") - Al-Muhajiroun - "Аль-Мухаджирун" (a controversial Muslim group, which battled for a pure Islamic state, founded in Mecca, Saudi Arabia on 3 March 1983 but banned in January 1986 and officially disbanded in October 2004)

Alvar ("diver, immersed") - alvarid ("süvenenud, sukeldunud") -  альвары (там. ஆழ்வார்கள், в дословном переводе означает «люди, погруженные, углублённые во что-то, поглощённые чем-то») (the fervent devotional Hindu saints of the Vaishnava tradition)

Amaterasu (天照?) or Amaterasu-ōmikami (天照大神／天照大御神?) - Amaterasu (天照) või Amaterasu-ō-mikami ((天照大神) 'hiilgav jumalanna, kes särab taevas) - Аматэрасу омиками (яп. 天照大神, «великое божество, озаряющее небеса») (the sun goddess of Japan who is the supreme kami (sacred power) of the Shinto pantheon)

Ambrose, St or Aurelius Ambrosius (c.340-97 AD) - Püha Ambrosius - Амвро́сий Медиола́нский (лат. Sanctus Ambrosius; ок. 340 — 4 апреля 397) (one of the four Latin Doctors of the Church (with St Augustine, St Jerome and Gregory the Great))

Amidah (Hebrew "standing") - amida (heebrea "seismine") - амида́ (ивр. עֲמִידָה‎ — стояние) (the principal component of the daily prayers of Talmudic Judaism, it consists of 19 benedictions, firstly in praise of God and closing with thanksgiving)

Amida worship - Amida (Amitābha ('piiritu valgus')) - Амида (будда Амита́бха (санскр. अमिताभा, «безграничный свет»))  (the worship of Amida Buddha in Japanese Pure Land Buddhism, Amida sits on a lotus seat, has a huge halo, and is said to have 84 000 virtues)

Amritsar - Amritsar - Амри́тсар (в.-пандж. ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ, хинди अमृतसर) (Amritsar is the principal holy city of the Sikhs, it is situated in Punjab in north-west India, it was founded in 1577)

Anabaptists (also Rebaptizers)(Greek ανα (again, twice) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus "re-baptizers") - anabaptistid ((kreeka ανα - "taas, uuesti" ja βαπτιζω - "ristimine") ehk taasristijad) - анабаптисты или перекрещенцы (от греч. ανα — «опять, вновь» и греч. βαπτιζω — «крещение», то есть «вновь крещёные») (they refused to recognize infant baptism, emphasized strict Church discipline, and the separation of Church and State, were the forerunners of the Baptists)

Anagamin - anagamin - анагамин ("не-возвращающийся") (the "non-returner" in Theravada Buddhism, one who will not be reborn into this world at the end of this life, it is a third stage of life for a person of advanced spirituality)

Anagarika (Pali: anāgārika/ā; lit., "homeless one") - anagarika (pali "kodutu") - анагарика (пали досл. "бездомный") (a "non-householder" in Buddhism, one who left home to seek the meaning of life) 

Anahita - Anahita (vanapärsia 'rikkumatu, patuta') - Ардвисура Анахита (авест. Arədvī - букв. «влага», Sūrā - «сильная», Anāhitā - «незапятнанная») (female divinity in the Zoroastrian tradition associated with water, with prosperity and with women's affairs)

Ananda - Ananda (pali ja sanskrit "õnn, rõõm") - Ананда (санскр. и пали Ānanda, букв. «Счастье», «Радость») (6th-5th century BC, cousin and favorite pupil of the Buddha, he established an order for women disciples)

Anatman - Anatman (minatus) - Ана́тман (санскр. अनात्मन्; пали: Анатта; букв. «не-Я») (one of the three basic qualities of worldly existence in Theravada Buddhism: universe is impermanent and in flux there can be nu such thing as a permanent and enduring self)

Ancestral sin (original sin in the West) - pärispatt - первородный грех (automatically inherited Adam's corruption and mortality (but not his guilt) by men)

"Church" for alcoholics - Alkohoolikute "kirik" - "Церковь" для алкоголиков ("Church" of Gabola (the word "gabola" means " alcoholic drink" in the widely spoken Tswana language), seeks spiritual truth in wine. Located in the city of Orange Farm in the central province of South Africa)

Andrew, St - püha Andreas - св. Андрей Первозванный (one of the twelve apostles, brother of Simon Peter; the patron saint of Scotland and Russia)

Anekantavada - anekantavada - aнекантавада (санскр. अनेकान्तवाद, букв. «учение о не-исключительности») (the Jain teaching that there is no absolute truth, it argues that truth is not simply related to the perception of facts, but to the spiritual and ethical state of the perceiver)

Angad, Guru - Guru Angad - Ангад, гуру (Гуру Ангад Дев, хинди गुरू अंगद देव, панджаби ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ ਦੇਵ) (1504-52, a disciple of the first Guru, Guru Nanak, installed by him as second Guru in 1539, he finalized the Gurmukhi alphabet, the script created by the Guru and used in the Sikh Scriptures)

Angels (the Greek angelos - "messenger") - inglid (kreekakeelsest sõnast ἄγγελος [angelos] - "sõnumitooja") - ангел (др.-греч. ἄγγελος, ангелос — «вестник, посланец») (spiritual beings believed to act as agents or messengers of the gods or God and carry out the will of God for individuals or nations; in Christianity there are three orders: the first order being subdivided into seraphim, cherubim and thrones, the second into dominions, virtues and powers, the third into principalities, archangels and angels, also Christians believe in a guardian angel for every soul and in a fallen angel Lucifer who is "in charge" of all fallen angels)

Anglo-Catholicism - anglokatolitsism - англокатолицизм (a movement within the Church of England, it stresses the continuity and community with the wider Catholic Church)

Angra Mainyu ("evil spirit") - Angra Mainyu (keskpärsia Ahriman 'kuri vaim') - А́нгро-Ма́йнью (древнеперсид. Ahriya mainyus «всёуничтожающий дух») (the leader and creator of the forces of evil according to Zoroastrian teaching)

Ani - "the city of a thousand and one churches." Situated on the eastern border of Turkey, across the Akhurian River from Armenia. Founded more than 1,600 years ago but completely abandoned by the 1700s. 

Annas (1st century AD) - Hannas (22/23 eKr. - 40/66 pKr.) - Анна, сын Сета (22 год до Р.Х. — 66) (Israel's high priest, he apparently questioned Jesus after his arest (John 18))

Annunciation - Paastumaarjapäev (Jumalaema Rõõmukuulutamise püha,  Ettekuulutus (Jumalaema Е.)) - Благове́щение (церк.-слав. Благовѣщеніе; лат. Annuntiatio — возвещение)(the angel Gabriel's foretelling to Mary of the birth of Jesus and of the promise of his greatness (Luke 1.26-38)

Anointing the sick - haigete salvimise (õlitamise) sakrament - елеосвяще́ние (или собо́рование) (a sacrament of the ritual application of oil perfomed by a priest in the Rpman Catholic and Orthodox Churches in cases of serious illness or preparation for death)

Anselm, St (1033-1109) - Canterbury Anselm - Ансе́льм Кентербери́йский (scholastic philosopher and prelate, and Archbishop of Canterbury (from 1093 until his death), he was canonized in 1494, his "Proslogion" (1077-78) contains the famous "ontological argument" for the proof of the existence of God)

Anthropic principle - antroopsusprintsiip - антро́пный при́нцип (assumes that the universe must be "fine-tuned" to a very high degree for observes such as ourselves to emerge, it is taken by some theologians as a basis of the argument for the existence of God by design)

Anthropology of religion - religioosne antropoloogia - религиозная антропология (one of the three social sciences of religion, along with the psychology and sociology of religion, it has tended to study the religion of a primal society as one aspect of the whole)

Anthropomorphism - antropomorfism (kreeka sõnadest anthrōpos - "inimene" ja morphē - "kuju") - антропоморфизм (греч. ανθρωπος - "человек", μορφή - "вид") (the application to God of human characteristics, such as a body or the mental, psychological or spiritual qualities of human beings) 

Anthroposophy - antroposoofia - антропософия (от греч. ἄνθρωπος — человек и σοφία — мудрость) (a modern spiritual and cult movement founded by Rudolph Steiner, who believed that through concentration and meditation the lower self is able to form a vision of the higher self and work towards it)

Antidoron (Greek "in place of the gifts")- antidoor - антидор ("blessed bread" which is given out to the faithful at the end of the liturgy in Orthodox churches)

Antichrist - Antikristus - Анти́христ (др.-греч. Αντίχριστος, «против (вместо) Христа») (a supreme evil figure, an adversary of Christ, his arrival will indicate that the end of the world is close)

Antioch - Antiookia (Antakya tänapäevases Türgis) - Антиохи́я-на-Оро́нте (совр. Антакья, на территории современной Турции) (the city of Antioch in Syria (now Turkish Antakya) was founded c.300 BC, it became the headquarters of the first Gentile Christian church, it was at Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called "Christians" (Acts 11.26))

Antipope (Latin "antipapa") - vastupaavst - антипа́па (in the Roman Catholic Church, a claimant to the office of pope in opposition to one regularly and canonically appointed)

Antisemitism - antisemitism - антисемити́зм (a late-19th-century term describing hostility towards Jews and/or Judaism, this originates in the New Testament as the blame for Jesus's death transfers to the Jews en masse, in the Middle Ages Jews were excluded from Christian medieval culture and lived in ghettos, even after the Enlightenment they suffered violent pogroms, Nazi ideology led to the Holocaust and now in 21 st century it is common association among individuals or groups  of the radical Islam)

Antony the Great (251-356 AD) - Antonius Suur - Анто́ний Вели́кий, преподобный (около 251, Кома, Египет — 356, Дейр-Мари) (one of the founders of Christian monasticism, sold all his possessions for the poor, spent 20 years in the desert, in about 355, although over 100, he made a journey to Alexandria to dispute with the Arians)

Anukampa ("quake" or "tremble with") - anukampa ("värisema") - анукампа ("дрожать (от сострадания)") (the empathy by seeing the distress of others as the motivating force behind the teaching of the Buddha)

Aparigraha - aparigraha - апариграха (санскр. अपरिग्रह) (abstention from possessiveness in Jainism)

Archimandrite (Greek "the head of the fold") - arhimandriit - архимандрит (abbot of a monastery, also a title bestowed upon a celibate priest)

Argument from analogy - «аргумент по аналогии» (one of the theories postulating the existence of God, it maintained that the universe is like a mechanism, therefore if a mechanism requires a maker, so does the universe)

Aristobulos St, Apostle of Britain - püha Aristobulos, Britannia apostel - св. Аристовул, епископ Британский (the holy Apostle Aristobulos is numbered among the Seventy Apostles, he preached the Gospel in Britain as its first bishop, his feast day is celebrated on October 31)

Ark Encounter - "Kohtumine Noa laevaga"  - "Встреча с ковчегом" (features a full-size Noah’s Ark, built according to the dimensions given in the Bible. Ark Encounter is situated in Grant County in Williamstown, Kentucky, USA)

Arkhyzsky image - Архызский лик - Arhõzikuju - rock painting of Jesus Christ, it was found in 1999 in Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia), specialists date it as far as IX-XIV AD, it quickly became a pilgrimage site - 345 m long staircase is being built along with several viewing places. It's being planned to open in spring 2011

The Ar-Rahma Mosque (Mercy Mosque) - the first ever mosque in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. It was built between the years 1998 and 2011. There are an estimated 60 000 Muslims in Kiev

Asceticism - asketism - аскетизм (man's voluntarily struggle to keep Christ's commandments, method of growing in the spiritual life (involves bodily and spiritual effort))

Asher yatzar - Asher yatzar  - Ашер Яцар (Jewish prayer in which each morning, after going to the bathroom, one says thanks for being able to achieve even this most basic task under one’s own power)

The Day of Ashura ("tenth" in Arabic) - Ašura päev - день Ашуры (it's a day of mourning for the Shia Muslims in memory of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, of the battle of Karbala in 680 AD)

Mt. Athos - Aatose mägi - г. Афон (Mt. Athos is a monastic republic located on a peninsula in northern Greece, for over a thousand years Mt. Athos has been the most important center of Orthodox monasticism)